How L2 are scaling Ethereum one batch at a time - Sahil Sen | QuickNode

thank you [Applause] yep so all right everyone we are gonna talk about l2s I mean at this point most probably all of you must know about l2s but we are just going to go a bit deeper into it uh what are the different kind of Roll-Ups and everything so uh first of all let me introduce myself uh I'm sahil sen I work as a senior developer Advocate at quick node and a quick note is a RPC Provider Plus we provide also other tools to make life of developers easier to develop on blockchains and as being a senior developer Advocate I do a lot of technical tutorials technical workshops technical blog posts and everything to help developers create Taps on quick note so first of all let's talk about the need of l2s and why they are needed or why Roll-Ups are needed by other scaling Solutions are needed for ethereum so as you we all know ethereum is the Holy Grail of blockchain everyone wants to develop on ethereum it's been around for a long time it's very popular so it's like a really popular city and everyone just wants to move there everyone just wants to get work there so because it's so popular the infrastructure of ethereum or the landscape on ethereum is because has become very expensive so it has become very expensive to develop on ethereum and I mean we have seen eight 2.0 or the ethereum upgrades but that's that hasn't helped much in terms of scaling and in terms of reducing the gas fees so there has been a problem with gas fees and slower finality because there are so many transactions and there are so many people using the network a lot of time we see that our transactions are taking like a lot of time to get finalized and the network might get clogged a lot of times so because of that there have been discussions about scaling solutions for a really long time and there are different types of scaling Solutions the first and the most ideal one will be scaling the layer one the main ethereum chain itself but that's not like possible I mean it is possible but that's not feasible in today's time because people are using it and you cannot just stop the chain and do continuous developments on it or do breaking changes on it because it might or it may or may not be break the network itself so that's why there has been talks about off-chain scaling Solutions like l2s and state channels and other roll ups so the layer 2 has become and has been proven to be the most efficient way to scale the ethereum network and the layer 2 Solutions are Roll-Ups and state channels I have made a typo here but it's state channels so what rollups are basically is they run a parallel chain of the state itself parallel to ethereum and what they do is they settle the transactions on their chain and then roll up a batch of those transaction information to the main ethereum chain so that the transactions are not actually ran and executed on the main ethereum chain they are ran on a parallel chain and then just their information is saved on the main ethereum chain using a lot of time a smart contract which is deployed on the main ethereum chain and then there are State channels which are like very limited to their particular use cases because in state Channel what happens is there is a multi-sig smart contract and then there are parties who agree on the particular transaction and then that particular transaction is executed so taking an example of State channels is a Financial State Channel where there is a multi-sig contract there are known parties and they have to sign the transaction all of them for that transaction to get finalized but that's not viable Solution that's why Roll-Ups have become very popular and have been used widely in the industry so basically there are two main mechanisms or algorithms which are behind Roll-Ups the first one is optimistic rollups so optimistic rollups are like the angels of blockchain what they assume is everyone is right and everything everyone is doing on the chain is correct and they assume that all the transactions happening on the Chain are valid so they work on fraud proofs and they are very easy to implement how optimistic rollup works is that they don't validate the transaction before they are executed but what they do is they validate the transaction assuming all of them are correct and the party is submitting the transaction batch to the layer one is submitting the correct batch then they have a mechanism called fraud proofs validating mechanism so what happens is a third party who is not submitting the transaction batch can submit a pro fraud proof stating that this one transaction in this particular batch is not correct and it is a bad transaction so what will happen is the state of the chain will go into a decision making phase and then that particular transaction when we ran on the main ethereum chain and because of the security of the main ethereum sale we will be able to find out if that particular transaction is correct or incorrect and because of this the finality time on optimistic roll-up based chains can like vary from a day to week when it's in the decision making phase and the people who are submitting the transactions submitting the transaction batches they stake their coins and the people who are submitting the fraud proofs even they stake their coins so if any of the party submits wrong information they are eat is slashed so that's why they have something on the stake to submit the correct information whereas in CK Roll-Ups or zero knowledge Roll-Ups what happens is transactions are actually validated before they are submitted to the main ethereum chain in optimistic rollup they are just submitted and then there are fraud proofs which validates if the transaction is correct or not but in zero knowledge proofs or zero knowledge proof roll ups what happens is they are validated before they are submitted to the chain but in this particular like technology of rollups what happens is there needs to be a creation of like really complex ZK proof cryptography and that's why it becomes kind of difficult to implement and a lot of them are not even evm compatible the just now they have started to launch ZK proof based evm compatible chains like ckvm or ZK sync is doing with ZK sync era so what ZK proved does is it works on validity proof so what will happen is when transactions are about to get submitted on the main chain they will be validated with a zero knowledge proof with the help of Z question I mean the zero knowledge proofs are called zks Knocks and then they will be submitted on the main chain so that we can know that already the transactions are validated and they are correct so this is more efficient and more uh like more efficient and more preferred way to validate transactions of chain but yeah as I mentioned they are complex and they are hard to implement and then there are few challenges in making these like l2s because they are not the main ethereum chain they are implemented separately so centralization can be a big problem as we have seen in the past so because these chains are not main ethereum chain there there can be a like a separate group of validators who are centralized and owned by one particular entity so that can be a really big Challenge and then there's complexity because they are new technology and we need more ways to implement them so complexity is a big part in terms of like ZK Roll-Ups there is complexity and then migration because these are separate chains we do need uh like powerful solution to migrate our funds from one chain to another we know there are bridges but they are not very great to use the user experience is not that great plus then there is interpolability the interpolability of information between one chain to another is not that great right now and that affects the ux so I mean this was very simple and I didn't want to take much time but this was about it like how Roll-Ups work and how they are there in the industry right now how different kind of roll up works so these are like the implementations like Optimus we have seen arbitrum has done a really great job in implementing how optimistic role of works and uh they have created a really good chain around that and with arbitrary of nitro like it has improved a lot and with optimism we have seen that they have done a really good job as well and with bedrock I mean things broke but it's getting improved and with ZK roll up we have seen polygon ZK VM which is by far the best chain uh which is which has implemented GK roll ups and is completely EPM compatible so that we can run all the smart contracts 99 of all the smart contracts which work on ethereum on CK VM as well zinc is doing great job with zika era so I mean it was quite short and quite simple but that's been my time and if you want to connect with me I am since I learned quick I'd say in Silo on Twitter and uh to check out our YouTube channel if like if any of you are beginner developers and want to see how the apps are made and how different kinds of applications can be made so yeah that's been my time thank you