ETHWarsaw Meetup 0x0E (#14) Rotunda PKO BP (23.04.2024)

[Music] a hello good afternoon welcome everybody uh thanks for joining us for the E4 Meetup this is a very special edition yeah okay sorry we have some mic problems here yeah we're all right okay ah okay the camera um yeah so this is a special edition of the E fora Meetup uh I'm getting some um they can't hear me in the back okay that's better um so let's start again welcome today fora Meetup uh this is a very special edition with our partners uh from filecoin so this event is going to be a part of the orbit program and uh we have two great speakers today um we have Robert ding from filecoin and Yana subas from unle um and Aon is going to kick it off with a quick intro to Falin so let's give a round of applause to Aon thank you well thanks everyone for being here and just on behalf of the filecoin foundation uh just want to thank everyone for being here tonight uh really excited to be here in Poland uh this is um I I guess my my second time in Poland so excited to be back um but really love the city here uh really excited to meet some of the folks from the community and I wanted to introduce really quick uh the filecoin orbit program so this is our community uh of ambassadorship program that we've been rolling out over the last year uh hosting lots of meetups and events like this just community events around the world uh last year we did about 200 uh around the world um and we're we're on Pace to do about that amount this year and we're trying to expand our presence in uh Europe a bit more um as we're especially as we're heading into kind of the next cycle of the market here and uh really just Keen to connect with folks in the community here and um you know find ways that we can just partner with what you guys are already doing here with the eth Warsaw team um so excited to have youall here and excited to chat more about just ways that we can uh partner on things and really uh support the local community here uh with that I'm going to kick it over to Robert okay let's just see uh oh perfect I it goes back too great all right uh hello everyone thanks so much for having us first of all thank you to Martina and the eth Warsaw team for putting this together have about a big round of applause now I was told just before uh we walked in that this was a historic building uh and 50 people died here a few years ago or something so uh hopefully we'll make it through the talk without the floor collapsing underneath us and uh that would be really great so okay amazing all right so I'm going to give a little bit of a history talk and then um we'll get into filecoin but we'll talk a little bit about Computing and Bitcoin and ethereum and then I'll tell you all about filecoin so if that works for you guys we can get started does that sound good okay great all right this is the Moore school of electrical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania and it was here in the 1940s that researchers from the Army Navy Harvard and the University of Pennsylvania came together to build the first computer which they called the eniac and the goal here was to compute missile trajectories during World War II this computer was made out of vacuum tubes which are effectively light bulbs when you have electricity flowing through this light bulb you have a one and when you have no electricity you have a zero naturally that gives you binary digits and from that you get binary mathematics and this computer had about 180,000 of these vacuum tubes it wasn't until the late 1950s that catch Professor Richard Fineman gave a talk called plenty of room at the bottom where he questioned whether or not at a time when people were building huge things and going to space and building spaceships um he questioned whether or not things could be built much smaller and he put out a number of challenges okay there we go he put out a number of challenges one of which was can we build a car smaller than that dot on the piece of paper another challenge was can we write the encycl the entire encyclopedia britanica on the head of a pin and that it turns out we can and we do it through a process more or less called nanofabrication uh but it's done on a special material called silicon and now silicon is a semiconductor and so what that means naturally is that sometimes it conducts electricity sometimes it insulates and prevents the conduction of electricity and you could actually manipulate that and so what ended up being developed is something called a a transistor and this transistor is effectively a very very small device that's built on the Silicon material and as you can see it's effectively a voltage gate and when you have electricity flowing through the gate you have a one and when you have no electricity you have a zero and so what that effectively gives you is your binary digit and again binary mathematics but this is much smaller than a light bulb this is Maybe 5 to 7 nanm at this point we're getting down to like three atoms in width which is crazy crazy small so small sorry this is uh yeah a little bit of a lag here okay so small that on this 4in wafer this is a 4 in diameter wafer you could fit a 100 chips and on each chip you have two billion transistors so just to give you a sense of the scale here that we're talking about your phone has one of those chips in it and uh if you were to build a a computer out of vacuum tubes with the same computational power that your phone has in your pocket you would need a building the size of the Pentagon building in Washington DC in order to be able to achieve that there is something that defines okay let's see all right there we go okay there's something that defines how many of these transistors we could actually fit on a 2in x 2 in chip and uh more or less it's called Moors law so the number of transistors you can fit on a chip doubles every some number of years um and eventually we're going to hit some type of uh uh limit what that limit might be maybe it's one atom or maybe it's one electron in terms of size um but now we're talking maybe uh Quantum Computing but anyway that is just something worth mentioning okay all right so then naturally now we have all of these computers uh by the time we reach the 90s and uh we want these computers to be able to talk to each other and so the internet is introduced and I'll come back to the internet in a little bit when we start talking about filecoin but for now I just want to mention a one group in particular called the Cy Punk so who here has heard of the cyppher punks yeah so the cipher punks were the first case of Internet activism who were they they were engineers and privacy enthusiasts who had a list serve the first list serve on the internet and they would send privacy manifestos to this list serve uh but more or less their activism was all about getting privacy technology out to the masses so that they too the masses can use the internet so they could do Banking and medical records and uh private messaging with each other on the internet the reason I bring them up is that uh many of them were involved with the earliest conversations on um the earliest conversations on uh the Bitcoin talk forums and we're actually speaking to Satoshi Nakamoto about the design of uh Bitcoin one such Cipher Punk uh their name was halin actually received the first ever Bitcoin payment from Satoshi nakaboto now uh unfortunately hfny suffered from ALS um he's currently cyrogenic frozzen I believe um but anyway that's that that situation okay then we fast forward to 2009 and we have the financial crisis and this is the article that is referenced in the Bitcoin Genesis block um we'll see a little later exactly how it's referenced by looking at bitcoin's Genesis block raw hex uh let's call it uh I don't know description um but nonetheless this is maybe a motivating factor for something like Bitcoin um which is our banking situation specifically central bank money inflationary money devaluing purchasing power and people's savings and we'll see exactly after we talk about exactly how Bitcoin works we'll see why we think that this is a motivation uh for the design of Bitcoin specifically in the money supply of Bitcoin okay so enter Bitcoin an alternative uh currency all right and I'm just going to tell you a little bit about a few of the innovations that Bitcoin introduced first naturally you're all familiar with uh your wallet your wallet is asymmetric cryptography this is is you have a public address which is a random string of letters and numbers that anyone can send Bitcoin to in the same way your House's address is public and known to people that might want to send you mail you send money or you send Bitcoin by signing for Bitcoin you want to send to someone else with the associated relevant private keys this is another random string of letters and numbers and we're what makes this very interesting is that actually changes the entire privacy model around doing Financial transactions in the traditional privacy model which banks follow you have the bank which is your trusted third party knows your identity all of your transaction data and does the transaction with the counterparty bank or whoever you're sending money to for you that all happens behind a wall and the public cannot see that information this new privacy model that Bitcoin introduces is very interesting because everyone can see the entire history of the full Bitcoin Ledger um whenever they please and in fact all of the transaction data is public but your public address is synonymous so we don't know exactly who's transacting but we do know like we can't identify you but we could identify your Bitcoin wallet uh by simply looking at the blockchain this is relevant in a little bit when we're going to talk about some crypto uh forensics so keep this information in mind so that's the first really interesting thing the second really interesting thing about Bitcoin is that it solves a very very important problem in Computing that problem is called the Byzantine generals problem the Byzantine General's problem is how do we have multiple devices that all agree to the same file at the same time it's very tricky problem to solve but naturally Bitcoin proposes a solution through its mining process and we have thousands of Bitcoin miners all over the world who go through this process more or less to come to agreement as to what the current state of the Bitcoin transaction history is at any given time this process this mining process begins with a block uh block is just a little bit of computer memory the minor will get some proposed transactions that some Bitcoin users will uh send out to the network um those transactions will wait in kind of transaction Purgatory called the mempool and they will try to gather as many of these transactions as possible and literally write them into the memory that is that block they will then look at the blockchain and look at what the highest number block there is currently and label this new block whatever that highest number is plus one and also reference that previous highest block and then they will do something they will solve a non so what is this nons this is a cryptographic puzzle uh and although although it sounds like the miners are actually doing something smart in solving a puzzle this is actually a really really dumb process the miners are are randomly generating possible solutions to this cryptographic puzzle and more or less guessing over and over again until they get the right answer and that's where all of the electricity spend comes from in the mining process now what happens next this is the six steps taken right from the Bitcoin white paper what happens next is now that this block has been created with all the transactions included on it the nons is solved it is proposed to all the other minors on the network and if a majority of the miners agree that one the transactions are legitimate and two the nons solution is correct then they will Express that this is the correct block we can start building the next one in the Chain by building literally building more blocks in the chain and competing to build the next block now two things I want to highlight first of all Satoshi Nakamoto actually specifically defines what a Bitcoin is in the Bitcoin white paper does anyone know what that definition is yes okay it's okay yeah totally cool there Satoshi Nako the the phrase literally is we Define a a a Bitcoin or a digital coin as and then a couple of words so does anyone remember that quote I could just tell you um okay I'll just tell you uh so Satoshi Nakamoto actually defines what an actual Bitcoin is when you receive Bitcoin you're actually receiving something of substance um and what you're receiving is what they call quote a a chain of digital signatures well what does that mean it means that the Bitcoin you're receiving is actually the record of every private key that's signed for that Bitcoin and has previously owned it in the past until it's gotten to you and what the miners do is they check that history they check that Bitcoin to make sure it's never been double spent and this is a necessary requirement um to the Bitcoin uh design because we're only ever adding transactions we can never remove transactions it's the only way you could get uh this kind of process by which all of these miners can agree as to what the Ledger is if you start removing transactions then uh obviously you're in a lot of trouble but naturally ensuring there's no double spend which means someone is trying to send the same Bitcoin to two different wallets at the same time ensuring there's no double spend is a requirement because that is actually uh a big problem that we had in the banking system so what you could do technically speaking is from your bank account uh if you have a $100 let's say you could in the past get away with sending that same $100 to two different people and the bank won't catch up for multiple days in which case when they figure it out they will uh debit your account to negative $100 because you sent $100 twice but naturally from a fintech perspective this is the same as printing money from scratch from your own uh from your own bank account um so naturally you can have that on bitcoin um so it's a necessary part of the design okay so now we all know what Bitcoin is there's something else I would like to highlight which is the Bitcoin money supply and this is maybe the most interesting chart in finance in the past two decades um you'll remember I told you these miners spent a bunch of electricity in order to produce a block and add transactions to the Bitcoin history well they do not do this for free they get rewarded when a block is accepted the minor that has proposed that block gets some newly minted Bitcoin that's never been in circulation before and naturally you all know this because there's been a lot of discussion about a havening event that's happened I think yesterday um but what is that happening event okay I'm going to guess which button is the laser and we're going to we're going to see if this okay that is not it all right we don't have a laser that's okay um so what you're looking at here this blue these blue lines here first of all let me say this the x-axis is effectively time this is the block height or the number of blocks that have been uh created and basically every 2 10,000 blocks you could consider that every four years and as you could see every 210,000 blocks or every four years the minor reward which is these blue uh these blue lines here actually Cuts in half so we started in the first four years at 50 Bitcoin then in the second four years we went down to 25 then 12 and a half then six and a quarter and now we're at uh 3 and an eigh um in terms of the minor reward now the effect that has on the total number of Bitcoins in the circulating Supply is this red line here so uh this gives a really really interesting deflationary currency I'll come to questions at the end um so this gives this really really interesting deflationary currency where you actually have a maximum limit of the number of Bitcoins that will ever be in circulation and that's because over the same periods of time the number of Bitcoins that are being added to the circulation decrease as time goes on so you have this red inverse log kind of uh money supply that has a limit of 21 million Bitcoins and you could imagine as a minor if you're mining Bitcoin and you're being paid six Bitcoin every time you mine a block and then all of a sudden the amount of Bitcoin you get paid goes to three Bitcoin but you're spending the same amount of electricity to generate that Bitcoin you're going to have to adjust your prices in order to uh continue your business so that's all I'll say on that without uh speculating further on what the Bitcoin price should be okay uh this's one more chart here um this is your econ 101 class uh that you might have seen this this is the index of Central Bank Independence as a function sorry this is average inflation rate as a function of your index of Central Bank in uh Independence so what this tells you is the more independent your central bank is from government control the less inflation you usually have um but naturally you will always have some level of positive inflation the reason for this is that while governments like to spend money on debt then print money and pay back their debt with highly devalued currency and you have extreme examples of that in Zim Zimbabwe Venezuela all sorts of places so this is maybe something that Bitcoin uh is supposed to be an answer to in terms of its money supply okay I'm going to skip that all right intereum we're here at eth Warsaw uh so many of you have already probably built on ethereum I'm going to uh go through this very quickly but now we're in 2016 vitalic butterin says hey why don't we use blockchain for more more than just transactions let's do it for all Global Commerce and the way we're going to achieve that is by building a virtual machine on top of the blockchain that handles something called smart contracts smart contracts which many of you have probably already uh written some solidity yourselves um smart contracts enable you to do any form of business logic uh enforced by code that you would in your normal uh day to-day business um operations and I like to kind of do a comparison of Bitcoin and ethereum because their designs actually reflect what they're intended to be used for uh specifically ethereum has smaller block size but a higher volume sorry a higher speed of block approval uh suggesting that we'd have a higher volume of transactions put into a smaller um number of blocks suggesting that there's an expectation at least from the creators that we would have um this be used more or less for com uh some type of Commerce other than just simple transactions the other interesting thing is ethereum does not have a deflationary money supply um up until uh ethereum switched to proof of stake which is kind of beyond the scope of this talk I won't talk about it um but up until then ethereum's block reward board was just two eth fixed and it went it had an unlimited Supply didn't matter um that's very interesting there is deflationary pressure on ethereum the deflationary pressure is uh there's a burning uh through the gas uh and the fees and all this stuff but naturally um there is no uh deflationary design beyond that in the same way we have for Bitcoin the other comparison I like to look at is the difference between how Bitcoin and ethereum accounts work so who are in the in the audience has heard of unspent transaction output okay maybe a few of us unspent transaction output is how Bitcoin accounts really work under the hood ethereum is simply accounts the same way you would use on cash app or venmo so maybe I can explain what how unspent transaction output works with a simple example the example is this you want to go buy a sandwich you only have2 us let's say and the sandwich costs $14 when you go to buy the sandwich what is practically happening is you are handing the vendor the person selling the sandwich an account worth $20 when you hand them the cash cash and the vendor is going to break that $20 into two new accounts one worth $14 and one worth $6 us the $6 us is a change account the vendor will keep the $14 account and the vendor will return to you the change account worth $6 us that is exactly how unspent transaction outputs work on bitcoin so whenever you send Bitcoin let's say uh you want to send your friend three Bitcoin but your Bitcoin wallet only has a five Bitcoin unspent transaction output associated with it what's actually going to happen is the Bitcoin software will send the five Bitcoin unspent transaction output to your friend uh and more or less the software will break it into two accounts one worth three Bitcoin which is what you want to send to your friend the other worth two Bitcoin point which is a change account and the change account will come and be returned to you that's very different from the account model on ethereum on ethereum the account model is simply you send some ethereum it updates the state of the ethereum uh State machine so this is uh more or less a much simpler uh elegant maybe uh way to do it but with unspent transaction output this actually reveals something to you forensically um you could imagine if you look at someone's transaction and you want to determine how much they actually paid for something well if you look at the decimal places of the two unspent transaction outputs one being the actual amount spent and the other being the change account the change account is much more likely to be uh eight digits of random numbers and the money being spent for the actual payment is much more likely to have trailing zeros the reason for that is people send clean amounts of money to each other usually um so that's a really interesting phenomena that um has led to some very interesting uh Bitcoin forensic work all right proof of work versus proof of stake I think you guys would already know all about this so I'm just going to skip it uh but ethereum has switched to uh proof of stake and finally these smart contracts give us a lot of really really interesting use cases um you're all familiar with nfts and icos but what I really like about this is that in the same way you'll remember we talked about your Bitcoin public address being available to the public with all the transactions being available to the public well oh okay this is uh okay this is a video I don't know if we could play a video but okay let's assume we can't um this is good enough I guess we can we that'd be great yeah uhana uh you'll see maybe you could I don't know maybe salana happened after this but uh yeah ah perfect oh it's okay what happens if you just press that right here it's not working oh it did oh great okay it's no problem um cool okay no problem anyway this video uh these C get bigger over time because this actually traces uh all of the Ico fundraises that were happening why is that or how is that possible well when someone does an initial coin offering on ethereum what they're actually doing is publishing the address of a smart contract and the smart contract basically says hey you send from your wallet on ethereum some eth to the smart contract address and the smart contract will send back some new minted tokens that we've just created at Aire and so because the smart contract address and everyone else's public addresses are public and that transaction data is available we can actually see how much eth was raised by you know writing some nice program that actually uh demonstrates this for us so this is from a company called elementus they're a great data science company out of New York and I really like this visualization um and maybe you can watch the video uh later it's on YouTube um but naturally um yeah that's really cool anyway the other thing that uh is very very interesting about first of all being able to do business Logic on ethereum but also that's possible because of the open and transparent but Anonymous nature of all of the wallet addresses is you can do some forensics to deter determine whether or not certain transaction patterns are revealing something to you about the business practices of a given business so what do I mean by this here's an example of an Ico it's called car taxi um so in 2017 this is a business that uh it's almost ridiculous to say but this is a business that has a bunch of tow trucks and they go to the trans Siberian Highway and whenever cars break down they pick up the cars now why this company would ever need an Ico let alone $7 million makes absolutely no sense at all but nonetheless this is what they claim on their medium that they've raised $7 million worth of eth through their Ico this is uh their that is from their medium and the good news for us is we can identify some of their Wallets on the blockchain chain how can we do that well first of all we know that from their Twitter they're announcing their Ico smart contract address and so right off the bat we have the first round of the smart contract address for car taxi right here that's what this red dot represents all of these blue dots represent the third party wallets that have sent uh ethereum to this smart contract address we know that simply by looking at all the transactions that have gone to the smart contract address and then this wallet right here we know is the car taxi ethereum wallet address how do we know that well car taxi announced that this is their smart contract Ico where else would the Ico send all the eth that was raised only to the wallet associated with that company so even though that wallet is an anonymous uh string of letters and numbers we now know that's the car taxi wallet and as you could see here they did a second round of an Ico where uh you still have these third party wallet address is sending e to the smart contract but you also have a very interesting pattern which is there is some eth coming from the car taxi wallet into the smart contract uh address now why would that happen well who knows but maybe it's an indicator of the punchline here it turns out only $2 million was raised in this Ico from thirdparty ethereum addresses and the other $5 million was actually refunded through by car taxi themselves so what type of fraud is this I don't know maybe it's like a fomo fraud where they're trying to make their Ico look a lot more uh impressive than it really is to try to trick some investors into uh giving them money uh but nonetheless what they've announced is inaccurate um so even though it is true $7 million went into the um Ico only 2 million of it came from thirdparty wallet addresses so that's kind of some of the cool data science you could do on ethereum all right and finally I told you that in the Bitcoin Genesis block it references the uh the article from the times about the bailing out of the banks this actually reveals some other interesting data science we could do with Bitcoin and that's that we can label all of the Bitcoins in existence now you might say Robert why would you want to label any Bitcoin well maybe you're a coin collector and you might uh want to start collecting Bitcoins and there might be certain Bitcoins that are important to you for example maybe you want to own a Bitcoin that's Satoshi Nakamoto once owned or maybe your favorite number is 17 so you want to own Bitcoin that was specifically put into circulation on the 17th of March for whatever reason um and so this is called inscription and ordinals and it's a very interesting new phenomena on bitcoin that I would encourage all of you to look out for okay now that we got all of the background information in maybe we'll talk about filecoin now uh so I'm going to begin talking about filecoin by talking about the internet as I promised I would earlier as you guys know with the internet data is transferred via the Internet Protocol or your IP addresses what is your IP address it's actually a geographic location and so when you transfer any information your IP address actually tells you nothing about the data that's being transferred so this is not a very useful uh mechanism for transferring data over the Internet luckily we have a solution already tried and tested for um how we might build an Al alternative and that solution is your ISBN system at a library so in the ISBN system you have a unique identifier for every book that has ever been published and that unique identifier oh okay by the way really loving the TV back here it's really been helpful uh so anyway you guys can't see it but it's helpful for me anyway um with this ISBN system your book ISBN number actually tell you information about what the content of the book is whether it's a genre or any sort of other information data that's stored on filecoin and the interplanetary file system both work just like the ISBN system when a file is uploaded it is put through a hashing algorithm and that hashing algorithm produces a unique content identifier for that file if you upload a second copy of the EXA same file the hashing algorithm will produce the exact same content identifier if you make even the slightest change the content identifier will actually end up changing so right off the bat we get a very very interesting use case out of data stored on filecoin or ipfs and that's data accuracy or verifiability Starling lab out of Stanford University is a group of uh let's call them activists academics Engineers they go to war zones like those in Bosnia and Ukraine they take photographic evidence of war crimes that have been committed and then they upload this uh War crime photography to uh filecoin and then they create a dossier and they submit that dossier to the international criminal court now the reason they would want to put this on filecoin is that once it's on filecoin these photos have content addresses so if anyone tries to tamper with the evidence the content address will end up changing so when they submit the dossier to the international criminal court there is uh more less confidence that the uh that the evidence has not been tampered with and naturally there is another cryptographic uh tool they use that when they take the photo it provides evidence that they were in that geographic location at that time um when they uploaded that photo uh but nonetheless this is one very interesting use case for this content addressing now you might say Robert that's really cool so you've told me that all of the files on both filecoin and the interplanetary file system are have these unique content addresses but how do you know what file you need to get and how is it organized well we organize files on both of these Platforms in the same way you would organize files on uh your computer and it's basically a subtree of folders something like this um but we do it with a graphical representation so who here studied computer science in school uh so okay you probably took a very miserable sophomore year class called mathematical foundations for computer science and you probably are familiar with some graph Theory yeah maybe yes okay very briefly in graph Theory we have two elements the first is a node which just represents a thing and the second is an edge which represents the relationship between two nodes and more or less uh with these content identifiers what we have is more or less our folders and our files and each of these is represented by a Content address and then we also have edges that are content addresses on file coin and ipfs that represent the relationship between these folders and files so we can get something that looks like something Sayan that we could parse through um the actual style of uh data structure that this is is actually called a directed a cyclic graph what is that mean well it's directed because the edges have Direction which tell us us about the relationship between the nodes so in this case this directed Edge that points from this folder to this file tells us that this file is in that folder it is uh a cyclic because there's no path you could take that will let you get from one node down to another node and then back to the node you started from uh there's very specific reasons for that most ly it is to prevent a situation where you have folder a in folder B and also folder B in folder a at the same time that would make absolutely no sense uh and finally you get a bunch of very very interesting features that make it very easy uh to more or less parse through the information and actually retrieve it later so the four features that this enables this data structure enables is distribut ability uh so anyone who has uh a given graph of content addresses are able to act as a file provider for those uh those files that are in that dag these dags are recursive so you could put smaller D dags being directed a cyclic graphs you could put smaller dags into larger ones and uh retrieve only the smaller ones later they are verifiable because of their content addresses so let's say you go to filecoin or ipfs and say I need the file that is located at this content address can you retrieve it for me someone sends you that file you can actually verify that you got the right file by recomputing the content address with the file that has been given to you and making sure that it is the correct content address and finally D duplication which uh you know frankly probably not as uh important but I think it makes for a very very cool uh compelling visualization um where if you have a Content address of a given file or folder that is shared between two other folders those two other folders can actually point to the One content address for the one file on uh the data structure which makes it easier to parse through and more efficient to parse through so uh maybe just totally just a nice uh visualization thing to have and I don't know the real consequence of that is just uh reducing the number of computes you need to actually get that uh data but nonetheless that that is what it is okay now I told you by the way this whole data structure uh of this graph of content addresses that I've just described to you we call this interplanetary linked data and it's actually a data uh standard that both the interplanetary file system and filecoin and a number of other platforms like lib P2P are compliant to so all the data on both ipfs and filecoin are compliant to this data um standard okay now I've been talking about filecoin and ipfs who here is familiar with ipfs okay quite a few of you because you probably used it in a hackathon many many people come to me at hackingtons and say hey Robert I built on filecoin look I stored some stuff in ipfs uh I need to make clear that ipfs and filecoin are two completely separate and different networks what's the difference well I just explained to you that they're both compliant to the exact type of data storage uh standard that I just described to you so all the files on both ipfs and filecoin are content addressed however there are two totally different networks on ipfs you have a whole bunch of community nodes that are allowing you to store data on ipfs out of the goodness of their heart no one is paying them to do this and at any time those nodes could go offline without warning so there's no incentive for uh any level of permanence on that data storage with ipfs that's why filecoin was in introduced filecoin is the data and retrieval Marketplace that financially incentivizes storage for uh a decentralized storage Network similar to ipfs uh but naturally we now have a mechanism by which people can pay to have their storage maintained over a longer period of time with some level of guarantee that is the main difference between ipfs and filecoin and the way filecoin works is as follows we have all of these thousands of storage providers one of whom is in the room uh here uh today we met him earlier hello um and the storage provider more or less is a Data Center and they are operating the filecoin blockchain and the way this works is quite like this a client someone who wants to store data on filecoin so this is someone who wants to store data will come to the filecoin network and say I have this much data I want to store I want to store it for this length of time and this is how much filecoin I'm willing to pay and then a storage provider will see that it's called a deal all that information together is called a deal and the storage provider will say hey I want to accept that deal because I think that's a good price and I have data available on my data center so the providers the storage providers will take the next step of signaling that they want to accept the deal deal by providing a cryptographic proof of replication this is a type of proof of stake more or less it's a cryptographic evidence that the storage provider has taken the data in the deal and actually stored it in their Data Center and then over the course of the deal these deals are time limited but over the course of the deal every day the storage provider will provide another type of proof just another type of proof of stake called proof of space time and the proof of SpaceTime is cryptographic evidence that the data is still in the uh storage providers data center at the physical location in the data center that they promised it would be at that time the storage provider provides that every day and every day that this proof of SpaceTime is provided the client who's having their data stored pays a little bit more of the file coin they promis to pay in rent for that space and if they fail to provide the proof of SpaceTime The filecoin Miner actually gets file coins slashed from their wallet so there's a heavy incentive for the filecoin storage provider to behave appropriately and be good stewards of the data stored on filecoin and then naturally uh these deals are time limited so at the end of the deal the client will decide whether or not to renew the deal if the price is right or uh move to another storage provider okay there's currently 25 xbes of capacity available on filecoin which I know both to you and me is a word that has no meaning so what that really means is there's 29 billion gigabytes of capacity available on filecoin for storage but only 2 million gigabytes are being actually stored um which is interesting so uh we have more capacity than uh we have storage at the moment except you know what I think now that I think about it I don't know if that data is correct I need to come back to that okay just ignore what I just said about that uh just just off the top of my head realizing uh all the talks I've heard about filecoin I think my calculation is off so please ignore that number anyway so that was my slide uh this slide is not mine this is my colleague Paul's um but actually this is a slide about the price of storing on filecoin um and more or less you could compare it with the centralized Cloud providers excuse me and some of the other decentralized storage offerings and excuse me oh sorry oh yes I'm recovering from an illness from last week so I apologize uh but anyway so you could see the file coin storage happens to be cheaper as a consequence of the retrieval fees being cheaper um and then this is the second slide my colleague gave me showing all the prices for everyone is actually cheaper than we showed here um so I don't quite know what to make of that actually uh I think these are the real numbers but naturally you could still see how file coin storage pricing Compares and you could see the centralized Cloud providers kind of get you on those retrieval uh fees okay cool so that's all about filecoin what you know yeah that's a good idea much better so that's all about filecoin and I just want to tell you a little bit here uh about filecoin plus so um this is a another layer on top of filecoin these are volunteer um notaries that will actually verify that the data being stored on filecoin is um useful data um and if a storage provider accepts a notorized storage deal what happens is more or less their their minor reward is actually 10x um so this is really interesting it's incentivized naturally for 99% of All Storage deals on filecoin to be be filecoin plus deals and if you go to the uh starboard Network Health dashboard you can actually see when filecoin plus was introduced the split between filecoin plus deals going up and regular filecoin deals going down um filecoin also has smart contracts so we do have a filecoin virtual machine that enables smart contracts um and onchain programmability for the filecoin network it lead leads to many interesting use cases that are only possible uh because filecoin has storage Primitives that other blockchains do not have one example is this Perpetual storage example so you could think of this app more or less as an example here's how the business logic would work for Perpetual storage first of all I told you that those file coin storage deals you'll remember are time limited however there might be some data that you want to store for a longer period of time than maybe one or two or even three maybe 10 20 uh file coin storage deal Cycles so maybe we'll write a smart contract and this will be the business logic of the smart contract step one endow the smart contract with an endowment of file coin step two invest that file coin somewhere who knows where let's just assume for the sake of this example that that uh investment generates a reasonable return of some kind step three is monitor the status of the storage deal that you're interested in and then step four would be if last year my investment made more money than it would cost next year for us to pay for the storage deal then renew the deal automatically if not find a new storage provider so this is an example a Perpetual storage um uh app that could be built on filecoin if you want to come to a hackathon and build on filecoin naturally we might want uh file access controls so you might have a data set that you only want certain people to be able to access on uh with their filecoin wallet so you could permission um using smart contracts only certain filecoin public addresses to access that data set and then they would get to access the data set by signing with their private key to be able to access said um data Dows I I'm just going to skip uh but naturally you could have some type of governance around a data set you might imagine a group of academics who have um some financial interest in one data set and maybe they have an agreement as to who should be paid out when someone pays to access that data set and the smart contract can automatically uh do those payments when people pay the smart contract to access it but anyway naturally many many uh unique use cases that could be built with smart contracts on filecoin this is a very interesting visualization I like to show it's from my colleague Sarah TM at protocol labs this is for a hacker to decide if they're building a um if you're building an app that requires some type of decentralized storage how do I decide whether or not I need to use smart contracts for that storage the first question is do you need some business logic to decide how this storage is managed if the answer is no you can just directly store your data on filecoin if the answer is yes then you need to decide hey is my data a large amount or a small amount it seems trivial but the reason this question needs to be asked is that the fundamental unit of data on file coin is actually 32 gigabytes so a storage provider it's called a sector it's 32 gigabytes so a more or less a storage provider wants a full sector every time someone stores data with them so that they're making the most use of their data center space so if you don't have 32 gigabytes of data that you need to store at any given time you might need to do something called aggregation where you you will uh include uh you could do it through something called Lighthouse storage it's a useful tool to do aggregation and more or less your data will be aggregated with a bunch of other people's small amounts of data until you fill up a sector and a storage provider can accept that sector and then you could go on and build build your tooling okay and naturally everything I've just described uh this smart contract business logic it's actually something called computation over State because we're doing computation about the more or less the metadata about the data that's being stored on filecoin um we will also in the future eventually get to computation over data this computation over data uh is kind of your AI machine learning jobs that you might be familiar with and the project that's working on that is called back allow so I would encourage you to uh check that out they have an interesting uh uh app called Lily Pad water lily one of those two or maybe both um and then finally there's Saturn which is a um content delivery Network built on top of filecoin so this enables fast retrievals of filecoin data and it should enable uh for the first time uh as it was explained to me a video streaming over a decentralized network which is really really cool cool uh okay there's one more thing I should mention which is interplanetary consensus I don't have a slide for it um but this is the new scaling solution that protocol as has come up with naturally filecoin uh some uh third-party developers have used interplanetary consensus on filecoin to uh design a scaling solution for them that settles to file coin but more or less what is interplanetary consensus this is a uh scaling solution that deals with subnets so you can imagine your main blockchain like filecoin to be your parent blockchain and again graph Theory uh you have child subnets which are their own blockchains with their own consensus rules where a bunch of transactions will happen using filecoin locked on wallets that filecoin has been sent down to the child subnet all the transactions will happen and then they will checkpoint back to the parent chain and those accounts will be settled later okay with that that's all I have to say uh thank you so much for having us that is all about filecoin and a bunch of uh other great platforms like Bitcoin and ethereum I encourage you to reach out to me on Telegram and to come to a hackathon so if you're someone who likes to build at hackathons we constantly have bounties available um to build on filecoin at a number of hackathons many of these hackathons actually are OTE so over the course of a month you build from wherever you are and submit work at your own pace submit from wherever you are um and uh hopefully win a bounty okay thank you that's it thank you so much Robert uh that was a very very exhaustive intro to filecoin and I really enjoyed your presentation uh thanks again uh do we have any questions from the audience it's Robert uh if you want to know anything more about file Co this is the moment to ask or you can find uh Robert just hanging around here question okay pause the mic uh hello my name is Arthur thank you for the presentation so about the retrieval of the data and proof of the SP space and time right uh when the file provider cannot retrieve the data and cannot uh sign the uh proof and he gets they get slashed right and uh will the uh like people that store this data get some uh I don't know file coin back uh or what is the like where is this F file coin SL file coins go yeah just okay I'll just answer very um the the SL file coin is simply burned um and this actually raises a very good point uh which is if you're a client and you're storing on file coin um it might be wise for you to have some redundancy if the data is sensitive so you might want to store a multiple storage providers as an example in case one goes online offline due a due to a freak accident something like this so it all depends on how important your data is to you and uh how you might want to uh deal with that so yeah cool any other questions first of all you kind of surprise me you mentioned the file conon is not on top of ipfs so yeah yeah it's very surprising I I I I still can show you a lot of articles that they literally show that file cone is built on top of this and so on and so forth so but but it's like it's written everywhere so I'm just saying that was I mean fake news You Know M mainly you know like as a Biden people Serv it's just like putting spread fake news outside uh but aside from that also not to go to semantics but uh uh would you consider going with the proof of stake other than proof of work considering what happened especially for the past few years of like with the you know with the lack of attention to to a lot of people that they thought they will go too deep on this and then later because the reward was not good enough they kind of just back off yeah um filecoin is proof of stake there is no proof of work for filecoin uh the two types of proofs that you saw uh proof of replication and proof of SpaceTime um is uh proof of stake so these are this is not proof of work um now uh if your question is should Bitcoin go to proof of stake or [Music] uh a while lot of people H I see okay uh I can't comment on defi Solutions so sorry uh but happy to talk offline so cool okay yes maybe one more okay one more yes Hey so uh how do you solve an issue of uh some illegal content put to to the file coin like I don't know a child for right and then how do you you know can you report it to a f uh storage provider or have you thought about such a issues uh well I don't think about those issues but um naturally we have the Phil filecoin plus uh program and the filecoin plus program uh basically involves third-party volunteer notaries to inspect and review um the data that's being on boarded to filecoin and if it's considered useful data um then the storage provider gets a 10x on the minor reward uh that they earn so at this point 99% of all deals done on filecoin are filecoin plus deals which means a majority of the data stored on filecoin is being inspected by the thirdparty notaries uh which means that um this type of uh material uh I would say is unlikely uh to be uh involved but I don't know the answer to that question really um because yeah I I yeah I just don't know who knows um but that sounds like uh an issue you know some type of matter that would be handled in local jurisdictions as would anything else on the internet so um I don't see any difference between how it's handled so cool okay thank you so much thanks again Robert um yeah I wanted uh to take the moment to thank to our uh Partners uh Bitcoin pal uh pek bank psky which provided this uh beautiful space and uh the screens uh with the special uh FAL coin mermaid tonight and uh uniquely and we actually have a speaker from uh unle tonight uh Yan will tell us about uh the nft revolution so let's give a round of applause to you Anna [Applause] hi thank you uh nice to meet you to everyone who uh doesn't know me yet as the crypto World in Poland is quite small so most of you we already know each other uh if you don't my name is Joanna and I work at unle uh as a growth manager and I came with um a really quick presentation about what we do at unly and about the nfts for the web to users which is going to be pretty easy you do not need to be into blockchain and crypto to actually understand uh what I'm going to speak about I'm going to tell you something more about uh the nft usage uh within the marketing field within the um user interaction uh and the widespread web free adoption uh and its impact on the real word problems so uh I hope it's going to be quite easy to comprehend I just need to grab the pilot uh so here's a small agenda of what I'm going to uh talk about I'm going to start with uh how actually uniquely emerge as a company uh as we started uh from the field of fashion uh then I'm going to tell you something more about the the connection between nfts and nfcs uh about the new Tech within the nfts and the possibilities that it gives I'm going to show you some case studies uh and how it can actually can benefit the uh normal users and the companies as well uh so stay tuned so first uh unly uh has been funded three years ago um because we actually saw a small Hall in the market and a space to develop uh in terms of nfts and uh fashion as we were focused on fashion uh since our very beginning uh and now we're just spreading um our wings to to the other um Market ranges so um how did we start we decided that fast fashion is quite boring and nobody actually uh wants to buy it anymore like if it comes to young people uh we saw that people value more uh do you know the unique pieces uh and the pieces that actually have some history to uh to them uh so we wanted to really highlight that with the nfts and nfcs uh and show you how the clothes actually um how many benefits they can bring uh so if you look at many industries that exist like Transportation or the Silicon chips that were mentioned like all the uh like many many um types of markets were growing pretty quickly uh and the the the the changes were coming and if it comes to fashion like I'm still wearing the clothes that people would probably wear like 100 years ago nothing's really changing if you look at transportations like people used to ride horses then the wheel was invented then the bikes then Cars airplanes and so on if you look at the chips chips were getting smaller and smaller and the clothes no change so we decided to change it and we decided to change it with the NFC chips on on the bucket head right here you can see the NFC tag that you can also see on uh caps of some of our friends who are wearing the uh blue caps they have the same chips um associated with the clothes and we decided to digitalize the clothing how we did that we simply uh encoded the NFC tax uh we sue them to the clothing and we decided to create the digital representatives of of the physical products so you could own the product both physically and digitally so each of our products contains a landing an NFC tag encoded with a um customizable landing page so once you tap the phone to it it opens a landing page and actually any phone uh can read that like from now on all the phones uh contain an NFC Reader inside of them uh so you simply tap the phone to the close and something happens and a lot of things might happen um and the NFC technology I'm pretty sure that most of you are similar with that because the same technology that you use in your Apple wallets uh it works the same with with opening the content from the NFC tag so you simply tap the phone to your clothing and it does something and what it does we started with digitalizing the clothing to from creating the fre models of the clothing uh some description of the clothing and then the possibility of minting the nft of that so if you're the first person to tap the phone to the piece of clothing uh you simply provide your email address and the nickname and you become uh an owner of the item not only in the physical world but in the digital world as well but that's just the beginning and that's how we started we now uh felt that there are many many possibilities to the General market like the marketing agencies and the brands uh themselves that we can use and I'm going to develop that further on the next slide es so first uh we've got a lot of benefits to that and the nfts are just the beginning uh we have the full proof of authenticity uh which is the main uh context in which the nfts were used in the clothing as you know the counterfeits uh are widespread and we wanted to prevent that uh so we um so we started to use the DNA tax which actually protect protect the clothing uh from being counterfeit so um first we get the piece of clothing which for example um is produced by a wellknown brand uh we authenticate it with the NFC tag and we lock it uh on the DNA tag which is highly protected so nobody can copy the content of that and replicate that um then we have the proof of ownership which is the nft itself of that uh once you Min the nft out of the real product then it stays on the blockchain so you can see the whole history of the owners who own the clothing um you can bring the items to the digital world the metaverses like I'm not sure how many of you actually uh use the metaverse uh like the metaverse games like the Central and sandbox Ready Player me but all the pieces of clothing are possible to to to bring to these games as well I'm not sure what plans Mark Zuckerberg has but if he creates his own metaverse then we might also bring our clothing uh to his meterse um and then you have a whole bunch of possibilities uh to entertain the people who own the pieces with the NFC tag like the content on the landing pages can be edited on a go so imagine that somebody buys a t-shirt from you and then you tell them to scan it every couple of weeks and they get a surprise like they scan it next Monday they get a discount of 10% they scan it like the next day they um are getting to know about an upcoming event so you can create like small Circles of people uh with the loyalty programs and you can really use it in in many many ways and the only uh thing that might stop you from that is kind of your imagination um so what other possibilities of using the NFC and NF uh are mainly right now we're focusing on the events so uh if I look at me when I go to an event I buy tickets on like eventum Ticket Master going uh everywhere and then uh like a week before the event or a concert uh I'm getting kind of stressed that I will not find a ticket on my email I don't know who I bought it from uh where it is I'm looking for some QR codes and then I cannot find it and I've got a problem so imagine if you do not need to look for the QR code on your email anymore you simply get a t-shirt that is your ticket to a concert and we already did that we did a collaboration with uh Romanian football representation and Puma so uh we did a limited collection of t-shirts so everybody from like the VIP area who wanted to watch the match uh they bought a t-shirt instead of a ticket and they simply came to security they showed them the tag the security tab the on to their um clothes and they were getting in the match and we were also entertaining people before the match and after the match so before the match you could see the counter that was counting the days and hours to the match you could see the location of the event so all the information were just inside of of your T-shirt and then after the match you know you could see the result of the match who score which goal and so on so that's just a case of matches but the possibilities are countless uh what else we've got you could also share your socials with the piece of clothing that you're wearing imagine that you're right now uh on the event in here and you want to you met someone and you want to share your contact with them so you know you start to spell your uh Instagram or Twitter Twitter username or your phone number and you do not need to do that anymore because you can simply uh addit the data that you have encoded on your item page and have your socials in there so you simply come up to some person that you like tell them to tap the phone to your uh t-shirt and then they have all your contacts uh saved in their phones so that's pretty easy entertaining fun and personally I do that um then you can uh I mentioned before checking product authenticity and that's all within a tap of a phone because all the all the phones have the NFC readers uh inside already and we are not the only company that does it it's a widespread Trend but a lot of companies actually do that but they do that wrong I can mention uh Ralph Lauren as I see a lot of people in here wearing Ralph Lauren uh shirts uh Ralph Lauren uh launched a couple of collections that had a QR code uh inside their labels uh which after being scanned they led to empty pages so some something didn't work there they tried to Launch something similar that we do but it didn't work uh and some brands also do some technical mistakes that um prove that they want to use that technology uh and that uh they are interested in that but they cannot fully do that and the example can be Pinko in here uh some of the girls might know it Pinko is a brand it's like um not luxurious not like Fast fashion it's like a mid brand uh with mainly bags and belts uh and they launched uh NFC taxs to all the pieces that they were selling so uh I got interested in that and I went to a Pinko store and I told the lady at the cashier Des that I would like to see the NFC bags myself so she handed me the bag I taed my phone to the NFC tag and it led me to the main Pinko site and I thought like what kind of authentification is that because I myself I'm not such a technical person I could rep replicate that uh that myself I could get a counter feedback from Alibaba AliExpress or so on take the tag from the internet and I have them like at my home I I've got a lot of them uh download any application to encode the NFC taxs from App Store and simply encode the Pinko side that is available for the wide uh audience on the internet anyways so people try but um they do not always succeed uh and we've got some real word cases with entertaining the customers as well uh recently we did a collaboration with vit cats uh and Yohi Moto which is the brand owned by Adidas and you can uh just cross a couple of streets and see that life on the third floor of VD cats uh so we digitalized um a couple of pieces of their clothing I hope the video will load yeah so uh basically this is the content that we showed uh after scanning the NFC tag from uh the clothes and the mannequins uh and what purpose did it have we had a couple of mannequins with Yi mot clothing on the store and uh we wanted to show the uh the clients that the clothes do not only need to be physical uh and how did it help the people um imagine that you come to the store you see a nice piece of clothing on the hanger uh but they do not have your size so simply tap the phone to that you do not need to search for that on the internet you do a couple of clicks and you order it to the store uh or uh I don't know if you saw that I can maybe go back to the video again you have some styling inso and you can buy the whole outfit just with a top of the phone so that's a huge time saer uh and it gives you like a lot of possibilities we did a basic uh thing in here but on the landing page you can include anything you want uh the next case was with authentification of sneakers you remember I mentioned the Pinko case um that the huge brand uncoded the NFC tax with unprotected links you can see that uh we have a feature to incode the protected link so you can see the warning in here uh so imagine that uh I have an NFC tag on my shirt I tap the phone to that it opens the landing page and I want to replicate that so I simply copy the link from the browser uh have another NFC tag and cod it on another NFC tag and uh just just rep replicate the the content so uh we developed a tech to log the tax so if you open the link from any other source then the NFC tag originally attached the piece uh then it's a sign that uh it's it's counterfeited so that's uh kind of a product protection and we've also got the events case as you can see we can do anything we lately on uh the nft Paris event with it rist bands for W3 F3 um with the wristband so uh each rband was the nft uh as well and it allowed you to enter uh the event just with that on hand so you did not need to remember about anything you could also store data or gather data about the people who who got the risb so uh as we know data about people or customers is quite important so now we know how you can entertain the audience or give some benefits to the community or the clients that you have but you also can uh see a lot of benefits for the companies themselves for example uh we can implement the on demand and just in time production so for example imagine launching an e-commerce store when you sell only the digital version of any products that you uh are going to produce later so uh you initially do some kind of pre-sale where you sell the nfts so the people your clients already have the digital representatives of the products so uh as You observe uh the trends of selling the nfts then you can predict how many pieces you actually need to produce so you uh save uh time you save money uh and you save up the space on the magazines uh that you would use later to um to actually store the products that you're going to sell later uh and you might say isn't this too difficult for the web to user for like a normal uh person uh I would say no uh because we we also when we were developing such kind of Technology we're thinking like who actually knows who what nfts are uh who's interested in that uh and who would like to actually mean the nfts if they do not have any wallets created they don't know don't know what metam mask is uh how to do that so uh we tried to make it really easy to uh let the people Min the products just with their nickname and email so the only thing they need to do to mean the nft is to provide their nickname and email click mint the nft and the nft is already being minted on a custodia wallet that we create for them they do not even need to be aware of that so they get the account created uh just with the nickname and email which everybody can come up with uh and they already have a wallet and whenever they ready they can simply connect their metamask uh and transfer the nft from the custodia wallet to the metam mask and they would be the digital owner the item so that's kind of easy and everybody can do that and um that's why I think uh maybe not the revolution is coming but a huge change is coming and we simply want to make the nfts more easy to comprehend for their real world users uh and if we look at the Future these are just like the market is so small right now for the nfds but it's growing and I see it from my own experience I remember myself two years ago starting uh within the field and I come from the fashion industry and all my clients that I knew from um from my experience were quite resistant to that and now everybody's up for that and you might say that nfts are dead maybe they are if it comes to the jpegs that used to be overpriced and overhyped but if it comes to the usability of the nfts I think uh the bright future is coming and we uh as the world itself will come with many many ideas on how we can actually utilize it because the potential for me uh is quite big I mentioned a couple of ideas on how we can use them and what benefits they can bring but I also see many other possibilities like imagine that you could purchase the products directly from the hangers you go to a store you just tab the phone to the piece of clothing that you like and you simply complete a transaction with your phone which unlocks the NFC tag so you can just you know get get out of the store without without turning on the alarm uh and and already be the digital owner of the piece as well you could resell the valuable vintage pieces that already would have the item history on that I don't know if you know what's happening with for example the prices of Chanel bags but they doubled or even tripled uh in prices within the last year so imagine like 50 years from now if the bags had the NFC tag attached and the n ft you know uh once you tap the phone to the NFC tag you could see the whole item is history and you would know who owned that before you then the value of the bag could significantly change uh and other things like you could protect your copyrights with authenticated uh authenticating um any uh any product that you have like for example artists they could simply create nfds out of the art and you know permanently inserting the NFC tag to the pieces that they create the possibilities are endless and I'm still really curious what will happen next uh and that's everything that I wanted to tell you so if you have any questions to me feel free to hit me up uh if you'd like to discuss it uh later I'll be running around in here so you could simply come up to me and uh and we can speak about the that this topic or any other that you'd like to come up with [Applause] with uh yeah thank you for the presentation it was really cool but I think that when we talk about blockchain cryptocurrency and nft we talk about digitalization of data but in this case I see that we turn around and go to the move data from digital sphere to the physical sphere so this case I have a question to you uh do you really believe in this technology and if your answer yes can I get your contacts from your shirt for example right now like this ah oh sorry uh yes so if you ask me when I joined the company two years ago and uh I came from marketing and fashion Industries I did not believe uh in this technology at all uh and many of my clients and the contacts that I was hitting up did not believe in that as well but now I'm seeing a huge change and a huge uh number of possibilities that this may bring and sharing your socials through the NFC tax is just like an easy use like that's mostly entertaining for the people but imagine that you're organizing an event like uh an event that uh is happening every every single year for example so once you go to the event and you get a wristband that allows you to get there and then when you uh you know you come there next year then um as an organizer you can gather all the data of the person what they were doing at the festival and so on because they had the NFC tack on the reband all the time you can track when they were going you can track who they are you can uh gather a lot of information from that so this is like just one kind of um of the thing that you can do with the NFC tag and the possibilities you know uh I mentioned the events before that you can uh have the ticket on your NFC tag the possibilities are endless and now if you ask me personally I fully believe that and uh after we're done you can also test it yourself because we've prepared a merch for you which is right there uh so everybody that is on the VIP list could get uh a hoodie a T-shirt and a cup and if you're not on the VIP list everybody can just claim their cup or a t-shirt so you could simply go to the uh to Gabby and philli right there uh grab your own item test it out yourself tap the phone to the NFC tag and see what happens does anybody have uh any questions okay I guess we're done uh I hope you enjoyed it and hope to speak to you uh after the lecture as well thank you thank you Anna um yeah so uh that's all we have for you in terms of content I just wanted to take this chance to invite you to the E4 conference that's uh going to take place in uh early September uh we're going to release the tickets uh soon uh probably in the next week or two uh we'll be also opening um uh the call for speakers so if you would like to present a T4 so this is your chance and for now thank you so much for coming uh let's uh enjoy the drinks and pizza which are in the back and uh let's do some networking and we'll see you next month [Applause] [Music] oh [Music]